UNIT 5:Propagation of radio wavesFundamentals of electromagnetic waves, effects of the environment, modes of propagation.Ground wave propagation- Introduction, plane earth reflection, space wave and surface wave,transition between surface and space wave, tilt of wave front due to ground losses.Space wave propagation- Introduction, field strength relation, effects of imperfect earth,curvature of earth and interference zone, shadowing effect of hills and buildings, absorption byatmospheric phenomena, variation of field strength with height, super refraction, scattering,tropospheric propagation, fading, path loss calculations. Sky wave propagation- Introduction,structural details of the ionosphere, wave propagation mechanism, refraction and reflection ofsky waves by ionosphere, ray path, critical frequency, MUF, LUF, OF, virtual height, skipdistance, relation between MUF and skip distance.
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